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Who Gets to Be Indian?

Ethnic Fraud, Disenrollment, and Other Difficult Conversations About Native American Identity

Author Dina Gilio-Whitaker
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Hardcover
$29.95 US
Beacon Press
6.22"W x 9.3"H x 0.98"D   | 15 oz | 16 per carton
On sale Oct 07, 2025 | 280 Pages | 9780807044964
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An investigation into how Native American identity became a commodity, from cultural appropriation to ethnic fraud to disenrollment

Settler capitalism has been so effective that the very identities of Indigenous people have been usurped, misconstrued, and weaponized. In Who Gets to Be Indian?, scholar and writer Dina Gilio-Whitaker (Colville Confederated Tribes) explores how ethnic fraud and the commodification of Indianness has resulted in mass confusion about what it means to be Indigenous in the United States.

As an entry point to the seemingly intractable problem of ethnic fraud, Gilio-Whitaker critically looks to the film industry, including a case study of Sacheen Littlefeather, who is most known as the Native American woman that rejected an Oscar on behalf of Marlon Brando in 1973—though later revealed, she was not who she said she was. Gilio-Whitaker argues that this pretendian phenomenon originated in Southern California when the United States was forcing assimilation of Indians into white America culturally, but also into its capitalist economic system. With Indianness becoming a marketized commodity in the Hollywood film business, the field became open to anyone who could convincingly adopt an Indian persona.

Deeply researched using socio-historical analysis, Gilio-Whitaker offers insights from her own experiences grappling with identity to provide clarity and help readers understand how the commodification of Indianness have ultimately left many people of legitimate American Indian heritage to be disconnected from their tribes. Personal and compelling, Gilio-Whitaker takes settler capitalism to task and helps us better understand how we got here in order to counteract the abuses of pretendianism and disenrollment.
Dina Gilio-Whitaker (Colville Confederated Tribes) is a lecturer of American Indian Studies at California State University San Marcos, and an independent consultant and educator in environmental justice policy planning. At CSUSM she teaches courses on environmentalism and American Indians, traditional ecological knowledge, religion and philosophy, Native women’s activism, American Indians and sports, and decolonization. As a public intellectual, Dina brings her scholarship into focus as an award-winning journalist as well, contributing to numerous online outlets including Indian Country Today, the Los Angeles Times, High Country News and many more. Dina is co-author with Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz of “All the Real Indians Died Off”: And 20 Other Myths About Native Americans, and As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice from Colonization to Standing Rock.
Dina Gilio-Whitaker View titles by Dina Gilio-Whitaker
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Introduction

CHAPTER ONE
A Pretendian Princess:
The Curious Case of Sacheen Littlefeather

CHAPTER TWO
Indigeneity, Nationhood, Racialization, and the Settler State:
Why Political Status Matters to Native “Identity” Formation

CHAPTER THREE
Who’s Running the Show?
Indians in Hollywood and the Birth of Native American Ethnic Fraud

CHAPTER FOUR
Indians, Hippies, and Shamans, Oh My!
California and the Birth of Neo-Indianism

CHAPTER FIVE
Kill the Indian to Save the Per Cap:
Settler Capitalism and Tribal Belonging and Unbelonging Through Disenrollment

CHAPTER SIX
Slippery Politics:
Why Claims to Indianness Are So Common

CONCLUSION
The Lessons of Tricksters:
What Coyote Teaches Us

Acknowledgments
Notes
Index
“This incendiary j’accuse isn’t afraid to name names.”
—Publishers Weekly, Starred Review

“With clarity and conviction, Dina Gilio-Whitaker exposes what’s at stake for Native people when Indianness becomes a commodity. A sharp, personal, and urgent look at the high cost for actual Native people in a system built to exploit them at every turn.”
—Kim TallBear, author of Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science

“Indigeneity is caught between truth tellers and tricksters. With abiding concern for tribal nationhood, Dina Gilio-Whitaker boldly espouses our truths while confronting the tricksters among us. Indigenous America needs more truth tellers like her and books like this.”
—Gabe Galanda, Indigenous rights attorney

“Dina Gilio-Whitaker’s Who Gets to Be Indian? tackles the problem of the commodification of Native identity at a crucial moment in American history. With incisive analysis, Gilio-Whitaker reveals how settler capitalism has distorted and exploited Indigenous identities and exposes the roots of folks pretending to be Native and its harms to Native communities. This book is a call to action and a vital tool for understanding how we can protect Indigenous people. A must-read for anyone seeking to confront the complexities of Native identity, sovereignty, and power in America.”
—Liza Black, author of Picturing Indians: Native Americans in Film, 1941–1960

“A fresh and unflinching look into the rise of pretendianism—when it became normalized for Hollywood to grant Native American identities to various grifters. Dina Gilio-Whitaker’s courageous and original analysis will challenge readers, Indigenous or not, to think deeply about the nature of settler colonialism today.”
—Darryl Leroux, author of Distorted Descent: White Claims to Indigenous Identity

About

An investigation into how Native American identity became a commodity, from cultural appropriation to ethnic fraud to disenrollment

Settler capitalism has been so effective that the very identities of Indigenous people have been usurped, misconstrued, and weaponized. In Who Gets to Be Indian?, scholar and writer Dina Gilio-Whitaker (Colville Confederated Tribes) explores how ethnic fraud and the commodification of Indianness has resulted in mass confusion about what it means to be Indigenous in the United States.

As an entry point to the seemingly intractable problem of ethnic fraud, Gilio-Whitaker critically looks to the film industry, including a case study of Sacheen Littlefeather, who is most known as the Native American woman that rejected an Oscar on behalf of Marlon Brando in 1973—though later revealed, she was not who she said she was. Gilio-Whitaker argues that this pretendian phenomenon originated in Southern California when the United States was forcing assimilation of Indians into white America culturally, but also into its capitalist economic system. With Indianness becoming a marketized commodity in the Hollywood film business, the field became open to anyone who could convincingly adopt an Indian persona.

Deeply researched using socio-historical analysis, Gilio-Whitaker offers insights from her own experiences grappling with identity to provide clarity and help readers understand how the commodification of Indianness have ultimately left many people of legitimate American Indian heritage to be disconnected from their tribes. Personal and compelling, Gilio-Whitaker takes settler capitalism to task and helps us better understand how we got here in order to counteract the abuses of pretendianism and disenrollment.

Creators

Dina Gilio-Whitaker (Colville Confederated Tribes) is a lecturer of American Indian Studies at California State University San Marcos, and an independent consultant and educator in environmental justice policy planning. At CSUSM she teaches courses on environmentalism and American Indians, traditional ecological knowledge, religion and philosophy, Native women’s activism, American Indians and sports, and decolonization. As a public intellectual, Dina brings her scholarship into focus as an award-winning journalist as well, contributing to numerous online outlets including Indian Country Today, the Los Angeles Times, High Country News and many more. Dina is co-author with Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz of “All the Real Indians Died Off”: And 20 Other Myths About Native Americans, and As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice from Colonization to Standing Rock.
Dina Gilio-Whitaker View titles by Dina Gilio-Whitaker

Table of Contents

Introduction

CHAPTER ONE
A Pretendian Princess:
The Curious Case of Sacheen Littlefeather

CHAPTER TWO
Indigeneity, Nationhood, Racialization, and the Settler State:
Why Political Status Matters to Native “Identity” Formation

CHAPTER THREE
Who’s Running the Show?
Indians in Hollywood and the Birth of Native American Ethnic Fraud

CHAPTER FOUR
Indians, Hippies, and Shamans, Oh My!
California and the Birth of Neo-Indianism

CHAPTER FIVE
Kill the Indian to Save the Per Cap:
Settler Capitalism and Tribal Belonging and Unbelonging Through Disenrollment

CHAPTER SIX
Slippery Politics:
Why Claims to Indianness Are So Common

CONCLUSION
The Lessons of Tricksters:
What Coyote Teaches Us

Acknowledgments
Notes
Index

Praise

“This incendiary j’accuse isn’t afraid to name names.”
—Publishers Weekly, Starred Review

“With clarity and conviction, Dina Gilio-Whitaker exposes what’s at stake for Native people when Indianness becomes a commodity. A sharp, personal, and urgent look at the high cost for actual Native people in a system built to exploit them at every turn.”
—Kim TallBear, author of Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science

“Indigeneity is caught between truth tellers and tricksters. With abiding concern for tribal nationhood, Dina Gilio-Whitaker boldly espouses our truths while confronting the tricksters among us. Indigenous America needs more truth tellers like her and books like this.”
—Gabe Galanda, Indigenous rights attorney

“Dina Gilio-Whitaker’s Who Gets to Be Indian? tackles the problem of the commodification of Native identity at a crucial moment in American history. With incisive analysis, Gilio-Whitaker reveals how settler capitalism has distorted and exploited Indigenous identities and exposes the roots of folks pretending to be Native and its harms to Native communities. This book is a call to action and a vital tool for understanding how we can protect Indigenous people. A must-read for anyone seeking to confront the complexities of Native identity, sovereignty, and power in America.”
—Liza Black, author of Picturing Indians: Native Americans in Film, 1941–1960

“A fresh and unflinching look into the rise of pretendianism—when it became normalized for Hollywood to grant Native American identities to various grifters. Dina Gilio-Whitaker’s courageous and original analysis will challenge readers, Indigenous or not, to think deeply about the nature of settler colonialism today.”
—Darryl Leroux, author of Distorted Descent: White Claims to Indigenous Identity

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